Introduction Iraq and Syria recently agreed in Washington to revive the Kirkuk-Baniyas pipeline [1]. As the notion of “revive” indicates, the pipeline has a history.
A paradox of evolution and revolution, the 2025 Moroccan Gen Z movement was, in many respects, the ideological heir to previous uprisings while simultaneously representing a conceptual evolution in the repertoires of popular dissent. The protests marked a nuanced shift towards decentralised, unconventional nonmovements, an iterative process whose immediate and enduring legacy has profound implications for the future of both protest and governance in modern Morocco.
