This interview was conducted at the beginning of June. Following the events of June 13, certain sections have been updated and footnotes added to reflect recent developments. Nevertheless, the original transcription captures the prevailing sense of uncertainty in the region and the potential for military escalation in the event of renewed tensions. The conversation explores the conditions that had allowed for a relatively cordial dialogue between the United States and Iran on the nuclear issue. However, as emphasized throughout the interview, uncertainty remains not only in the regional dynamics but also in the evolving and ambiguous role of the United States.

In this article, Sardar Aziz analyses the fragile state of democracy in Iraq twenty years after the first post-dictatorship election in 2005.